Lưu trữ Danh mục: Dây đan nội thất

Alcohol Dependence, Withdrawal, and Relapse

Overall, the most consistent effect of alcohol on the opioid systems appears to be an acute increase in β-endorphin release from the pituitary and hypothalamus, with a few reports that alcohol increases endorphin levels in the NAc and VTA (Olive et al. 2001; Rasmussen et al. 1998). The most convincing evidence for a role of […]